What a yearly visit is called, and what it includes

Medicare's yearly Wellness visit "isn't a routine physical exam." It includes "routine measurements (like height, weight, and blood pressure)" and "a written plan (like a checklist) letting you know what screenings, vaccines, and other preventive services you need." (medicare.gov) More: Medicare wellness visit vs. physical.
HealthCare.gov lists "Well-woman visits to get recommended services for all women" among no-cost preventive services. (healthcare.gov) Coverage details: preventive screenings covered by insurance and Medicare. Which tests repeat yearly for women: what tests should a woman have every year. For men: what tests should a man have every year.

Every adult, at the ages shown

Blood pressure: ages 18 and older, every year from 40; every 3 to 5 years from 18 to 39 if readings are normal and there is no added risk. (USPSTF, 2021)
Colorectal cancer: ages 45 to 75, how often depends on the test. (USPSTF, 2021)
Hepatitis C: ages 18 to 79, once. (USPSTF, 2020)
HIV: ages 18 to 65, at least once. (USPSTF, 2019)
Depression: ages 18 and older, no set interval. (USPSTF, 2023)
Anxiety: ages 18 to 64, no set interval. (USPSTF, 2023)
Unhealthy alcohol use: ages 18 and older, no set interval. (USPSTF, 2018)
Unhealthy drug use: ages 18 and older, no set interval. (USPSTF, 2020)

Women

Cervical cancer: ages 21 to 65, every 3 years. (USPSTF, 2018)
Breast cancer: ages 40 to 74, every 2 years. (USPSTF, 2024)
Osteoporosis: ages 65 and older, no set interval. (USPSTF, 2025)

Only if a risk factor applies

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: ages 35 to 70, every 3 years, if you have overweight or obesity. (USPSTF, 2021)
Lung cancer: ages 50 to 80, every year, if you have a 20 pack-year history and smoke now or quit within 15 years. (USPSTF, 2021)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: ages 65 to 75, once, if you have ever smoked. (USPSTF, 2019)
BRCA risk assessment: ages 18 and older, once, if you or your family have had breast, ovarian, tubal or peritoneal cancer. (USPSTF, 2019)
Chlamydia and gonorrhea: ages 18 to 24, no set interval, if you are sexually active. (USPSTF, 2021)
Syphilis: ages 18 and older, no set interval, if you are at increased risk (for example HIV or another STI, men who have sex with men, drug use, or past incarceration). (USPSTF, 2022)
Hepatitis B: ages 18 and older, no set interval, if you are at increased risk (for example born where hepatitis B is common, HIV, injection drug use, or a household or sex partner with hepatitis B). (USPSTF, 2020)
Latent tuberculosis: ages 18 and older, no set interval, if you are at increased risk (born in or lived in a country where TB is common, or lived in a shelter or correctional facility). (USPSTF, 2023)

Which of these are blood tests?

Most items above are questions, measurements or imaging. The blood tests among them, with the test and interval in the USPSTF's words:

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (35 to 70, if you have overweight or obesity): fasting plasma glucose, A1c, or oral glucose tolerance test. Every 3 years may be reasonable if results are normal. (USPSTF, 2021)
Hepatitis C (18 to 79): antibody blood test, then a confirming test if positive. Once for most adults; repeat if risk continues (for example, injection drug use). (USPSTF, 2020)
HIV (18 to 65): hIV blood test. At least once; repeat testing is reasonable for people at increased risk. (USPSTF, 2019)

A cholesterol test (lipid panel) is the other blood test most adults get at a checkup. The USPSTF has no separate grade for it in adults, but NHLBI's guide is every 5 years for younger adults, every 1 to 2 years for men 45 to 65 and women 55 to 65, and every year after 65. (NHLBI) Details and fasting rules: cholesterol test by age; which blood tests need fasting: fasting before a blood test.

Other panels a lab may run are not USPSTF screenings. If your results include tests you did not expect, ask what each was ordered for. A common one is the complete blood count: CBC results and typical ranges; another is the metabolic panel: BMP and CMP results. A urine test is common too: urinalysis results. Which blood tests apply at each age: blood tests by age.

Men

No men-only screening applies without a risk factor. The aorta ultrasound for men 65 to 75 who have ever smoked is in the list above. (USPSTF, 2019)
A PSA test for prostate cancer is a decision to make with your doctor at 55 to 69 (grade C), not a routine test: prostate cancer screening by age.

Your numbers

Blood pressure, cholesterol, A1c, BMI and waist: the ranges each is judged against are on Know your numbers, with a wallet card to write yours on. How often to check cholesterol: cholesterol test by age. All the heart checks in one place: heart screenings by age.

Tests not on this list

This site covers USPSTF grade A and B screenings only. If a checkup includes other tests, ask your doctor what each one is for. Some common ones, such as a thyroid or vitamin D blood test or an ECG, are tests the USPSTF does not recommend routinely for people without symptoms. (USPSTF, 2015) (USPSTF, 2021) (USPSTF, 2018) More: screening tests you may not need and ECG at a checkup.

Build my screening plan

How often each test repeats, on one chart: screening intervals.

With type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, a yearly check for liver scarring may come up: fatty liver screening and the FIB-4 score.

If you snore loudly or feel sleepy in the day, say so: sleep apnea screening, STOP-Bang and Epworth.

To take to the checkup: questions to ask your doctor about screening, by age.

65 or older: which screenings continue and when each stops.

A checkup is also when medicines for prevention come up: statins by age and daily aspirin by age. All of them: prevention by age.

By age: 18, 21, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85.